Workers in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Workers in America - Essay Example As the labor movement picked momentum in the second half of the 19th century, many labor unions, like the International Typographical Union, the Knights of Labor, rapidly rose in the US (History.com Staff). Among all, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) emerged as one of the first and dominant federations of labor unions in the US (â€Å"American Federation of Labor†). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origins, the political and social perspectives, and the major labor activities that the AFL involved in during its lifetime. By the early 1980s, over 42 international labor unions were present in the US (Jones et al. 2). However, labor unions in the US remained feeble over the years. By the late 1870s, mere 3% of the overall labor force and hardly 8% of total industrial workers possessed membership of labor unions (Simkin). In 1881, Samuel Gompers (a Dutch immigrant) and some other local leading skilled workers in specific sectors, like cigar making, carpentry, and printing, established the â€Å"Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions† (FOTLU) in the US (Welling). During that era, the Knights of Labor was the largest organization that included many small labor unions and it had played a vital role in some of major labor strikes of the period (â€Å"AFL†). However, the Knights of Labor’s leadership had occasionally supported its rival trade unions which had compromised for lower wages and supplied strikebreakers during other trade unions’ protests or strikes (â€Å"AFL †). The Knights of Labor enrolled even small employers as its members to chase social reform and challenge capitalist ideology. It had little interest in local labors’ issues, like wage scales, qualifications of workers, working conditions, strikes, or particular trades (Jones et al. 2-3). The Knights of Labor lost some crucial strikes which cost the union many members. Especially after the Great Southwest Railroad Strike and the Haymarket Riot of 1986, employers’ opposition

The Morality Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Morality - Case Study Example d that by doing the right thing for the right reason, a person’s values and moral ideas become even more solid if undergoing a similar situation (Hamm 151). Simply put, morality of actions create less harm but not necessarily much more positive events for all parties involved (Brandt 58). As an example regarding morality is the raising of children in full awareness of all things that are universally known to be moral and ethical. Parents can either choose to let others do it for them, by letting the children become aware of what is right or wrong, under the guidance of authorities such as teachers, law enforcement officers, and the like. If the parents could possibly can, they could also teach their own children instead, and using their own words, ideas, beliefs as well as their own personal experiences, bring to them either simplified or complex thought patterns that would be accepted by the society as moral and just. Still another way of teaching children would be by using the power of punishment in cementing the ideas of morality by association with pain, physically or otherwise. However, there is still a debate as to whether punishment would be able to send the message or not to younger folk (Hamm 114). Punishment could very much bring the idea of right or wrong but at times the effect would not last as long due to other factors that may well be outside of the sphere of influence of the home. Still, despite the fact that children can be very much affected by anything from outside the home, parents would still be judged based on the actions of their offspring, thus bringing up the idea that parents have a greater moral obligation of raising children that would be functional and effective members of the society, rather than letting them grow up blind to the morals of the society. In relation to the concept of moral obligations, another aspect of morality is the application of the concept of utilitarianism, wherein the final result would justify the means by

Marketing and Soft Drink Concentrate Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Soft Drink Concentrate Essay The brand Rasna is owned by Pioma Industries that introduced the concept of Soft Drink Concentrate (SDC), a segment that had been created and nurtured by the company in the Indian beverages Market. The brand was originally launched by the name of ‘Jaffe’ in 1976 and marketed with the help of Voltas, but was renamed to ‘Rasna’ in 1979. When the product did not do as well as it was expected, in 1983, the advertising was handed over to an advertising agency named Mudra Communications Ltd. Pioma Industries Limited is perhaps not a familiar name for the average Indian consumer. But Pioma’s brand Rasna is very well known. In fact, the name Rasna is almost a generic name for soft drink concentrates in Indian beverages market. Rasna’s extremely popular advertisements with the tagline â€Å"I love you Rasna† had become an integral part of the Indian advertising folklore. In March, 2002, Pioma announced a radical overhauling of its strategies for the Rasna Brand. This development was rather unexpected, as the brand had been lying dormant since long. Rasna is the market leader in the 250 Crore Indian soft drink concentrate industry. The SDC industry is miniscule compared to the 5000 crore carbonated soft drink industry (CSD). The powdered soft drink concentrate industry is worth around 90 crore. During the ‘80s, Soft Drink Concentrate (SDC) was not a known concept. For the consumers, Soft Drinks were just the aerated drinks which could be purchased in bottles and were usually consumed outdoors. Rasna came, and changed the whole mind set. COMPETITORS IN THE MARKET As the pioneers in Concentrated Soft Drink Industry in India, Rasna, never had to face any threatening from any of its competitors, be it a global player or a small local company. Powder concentrate occupy 85% of the total soft drinks concentrate market. Here, in this study, we are considering both Powder and Syrup CSD as competition for the Brand Rasna. Following are some of the competitors who tried to make their mark in the 250 Crore Indian soft drink concentrate industry: 1. Tang- Kraft Foods. 2. Sunfill- Coca Cola. 3. Fanta Fun Times- Coca Cola. 4. Sugarfree D’lite- Zydus Cadila. 5. Kissan Mr Fruit- Hindustan Unilever. The journey of a brand is not always easy. The market is very dynamic and a brand needs to keep a track of the changes in the market. Rasna had to face such challenges too. But it is the resurrection this brand has shown, through strategic marketing, in all instances that makes it stand out and lead the market. MARKET SHARE Rasna has always been recognised at large for Brand and Company. It ranks No. 1 in the beverages category as â€Å"Most Trusted Brand of India†. It is listed among the top 15 brands in the country. It was awarded as the most preferred brand in the SDC category at the FMCG Most Preferred Awards 2003 and 2004 and Consumer World Award 2004. It has pioneered not only with its strong marketing strategies but also with its proper scaled distribution chain. Rasna has always concentrated on its marketing and brand building and has achieved an expertise in flavour technology. Its efficient management in production and market environments has harnessed to bring to the global consumers, technologically superior products in fruits, vegetables, beverages and confectioneries and to stand as the leader in processed food industry. Rasna has adequate and in-depth knowledge and information on Market sizes and behaviours, Growth prospects, Project Viabilities, Government Policies, Finances etc.and access to more, enabling the company to respond fast to any proposal with suitable recommendation. It believes that there is a huge and emerging market for Rasna’s kind of product range, all over the world. Rasna is capable of managing global sized manufacturing set-ups working on the most advanced technologies to cater to the huge markets, locally and globally. Rasna has managed to dominate the colossal SDC market because of its massive International operations. One of Rasna’s biggest strength is its marketing and sales set-up, through which millions of customers worldwide is experiencing the flavour of satisfaction. It provides a strong and pro-active marketing support to its distributors and importers around the world- just so that their products stand out and apart on the shelves. Timely delivery schedules of its products anywhere in the world are what have helped them to reach a strong position in the global market. Rasna has its offices in the following countries: * USA and Canada * UK and Europe * Saudi Arabia * Russia * Fiji This strong chain of distribution to large number of countries within a stipulated period of time has helped the brand gain a reputation in the market. It has also helped Rasna in creating enormous business relations all over the globe. The countries which imports Rasna products globally are as under: In recent years, the brand has had to face off challenges, though not from its direct competitors. International soft drink giants like Coca-Cola (Sunfill) and Kraft Foods (Tang) have introduced competitor products in the market. PepsiCo India too is gearing to launch a glucose-based ready-to-drink beverage under the Lehar brand that will be sold at price point of Rs. 5 for a 200 ml stock-keeping unit. All of them have deep marketing pockets and standard products to lure customers away from Rasna. Even the profile of Rasna’s target audience is changing. Kids today are a lot more aware, and their parents don’t mind buying more expensive ready-to-drink products, which the MNCs have. But, true to its entrepreneurial spirit, Rasna is not about to give any ground to its rivals. Though some analysts feel that Rasna has been slow to react to the competition, Piruz Khambatta, Chairman, Rasna, still dismisses the challenge saying â€Å"water is our only competition. † According to the 2010 data, Rasna leads the SDC market. The market shares of Rasna and all the competitors are as follows: * Rasna- 97. 2 % * Coca-Cola’s Sunfill 2% * Sugarfree D’lite- 0. 2% * Kissan Mr Fruit- 0. 1% and * Tang- 0. 5%. COMPARTIVE STUDY ON 4 Ps SCALE The Marketing Mix: Here in this study of the Brand Rasna, we are comparing the brand with its competitors available in the market on the scale of the 4 Ps. The 4 Ps of the marketing mix are: 1. Product. 2. Price. 3. Promotion. 4. Place. Product Line of Rasna: Rasna began with 9 flavours in 1982, and added the 10th in the year 1987. The company was revamped in the year 2002. * In 2002, Rasna changed its look and came up with a new logo. * The tagline of the company was also changed and with a new tagline â€Å"Relish a Gain†, Rasna has tried a deep penetration in the rural and semi-urban market. The recent product line of Rasna is as follows: Name| Pack Size| Flavour| Price ()| Rasna Frootfun| 32 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon, Pinaple| 35| Rasna Frootfun| 12 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 10| Rasna Freshfun| 32 glasses| Shahi Gulab, Keshar Elaichi, Kool Khus, Cola Cola| 35| Rasna Freshfun| 12 glasses| Shahi Gulab, Cola Cola| 10| Rasna 1 ka 2| 2 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 1|. Rasna FrootPlus Jar| 500 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 85| Rasna FrootPlus Pouch| 750 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 105| Rasna FrootPlus Pouch| 500 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 75| Packing Details: The operating product line of Rasna consists several sku. The company follows different pack size on carton basis. These pack sizes may vary depending on local market demand. The following table will give a general idea of the pack sizes. Sr. No. | Product| Units per Carton| 1| Rasna Instant Drink (powder beverages)| | | Laminate Pouch Packings| | A| 3 gm pouch pack| 50*60|. B| Single Serve pouch pack (12 gm pouch-orange)| 10*12*6| C| 25 gm single serve sachet| 12*2*12| D| 250 gn refill packs| 36| E| 500 gm refill packs| 24| F| 750 gm standby refill packs| 15| G| 1 kg standby refill pack| 15| H| Litro packs 1 ltr| 12*10| | Glass Jar Packings| | A| 250 gm glass jar| 40| B| 500 gm glass jar| 20| C| 750 gm sleek glass jar| 15| | Plastic jar packing 1 kg| 15| | OTS tin Packing| | | 900 gm tin| 15| | 1. 5 kg tin| 6| | 2. 5 kg tin| 6| 2| Litro Pack Instant Drink| | | Pouch suitable to make 1 litre| 12*10| 3| Gofrut Instant Drink (5gm pouch)| 72*10| 4| Shakeup Instant Drink| |. | 25 gm single serve pack | 24*30| | 150 gm standby pouch| 108| 5| Rasna Lite 250 gm jar | 15| 6| Rasna Soft Drink Concentrate| | | 32 glass pack| 200| 7| Rasna Single Serve Iced Tea 9 gm | 14*24*20| Whereas Rasna has so many different varieties of drinks (flavours) and in so many different sized packets its competitors are lacking behind in both flavours and availability of different quantity packs. The Price of Rasna: Accessing all socio-economic class: Rasna’s sole goal has been always to make profit with the volume sale. The pricing strategy has always been the key of Rasna’s success. It targeted the mass rather than the class. * Rasna has always made its products in such a way that it can be accessible to all socio-economic classes. * Its volume sale starts at as low as 1 popular in the name of 1 ka 2. * The added sugar product Rasna Frootplus starts from 2 and goes up to 105 for the family pack. * The box pack has a starting price of 10 which can make 12 glasses of drink and is known popularly as 10 ka 12. * The family box pack is available at 35 which is enough for 32 glasses of water. * Rasna has some skus which are very interesting for regular use. The air tight jar has different pack size with price range starting from Rs. 75. The company is constantly focussing on the rural market of India. So, accurate pricing is very important for the company’s growth. For Rasna, accurate pricing has been the key growth driver. They understood that the Indian market is highly segmented. And making products targeting each segment has helped a lot. Whereas pricing has been the key growth factor for Rasna, the competitors have not been able to enjoy that benefit of pricing. Only Tang is available at a sachet of 2 which is again meant for making 1 glass of drink. Likewise, the other competitors cannot even come close to the pricing strategy of Rasna. Promotion: Adding an Emotional Touch: Rasna has from its inception relied heavily on advertisement. The famous mass media campaign, â€Å"I love you Rasna† was one of India’s longest running TV ad. * The promotion of Rasna always highlighted a strong connection with its customers through brand association. * Rasna has always created a brand value by emotionally attaching the customer to their brand. * Focus of the promotion is always to promote the quality of Rasna. * Rasna spends a lot on Research on the target audience, and promotes there products accordingly. * Rasna has used child characters in their advertising campaigns, and through them the company emphasised on the quality of products which was an effective way of promotion. * Rasna has done a great deal to understand the pain of summer and to deliver a product which will ease the pain. This kind of unique and innovative marketing ideas and campaigns made Rasna the monopoly in the Soft Drink Concentrate industry till the time the competitors entered the market. Even now, no brand has been able to beat the promotional campaigns of Rasna. Going by the set standards of Rasna, we can say that the competitors have spent very less time and money understanding the Indian market and the promotional activities that works in the India. Place: Distribution Channel of Rasna: The distribution channel of Rasna follows 3 to 5 tier architecture. It follows the Super-Sub concept of distribution. The steps are as follows: 1. First the product produced in a factory which is strategically located to minimise the transportation cost. 2. The packed product is sent to various company depots across the country to distribute and meet the respective market demand. 3. From the company depot, the product is delivered to the different super stockists according to their previously placed order. 4. Then the goods are sent to the sub stockists or in some cases to the wholesale store. 5. The secondary sale from the super stockist or the sub stockist is ensured by the constant monitoring by the company personal. Rasna follows different distribution channel model according to local market demand. But for every model the end goal of the company is to deliver a quality product to the end user. With a distribution channel consisting of 35 depots across the country and 1. 8 million retail outlets Rasna is bound to be the leader. Among the competitors the only one that has a good and competitive network of distribution is Sunfill by Coca Cola, but still they are not able to compete as availability with retailers is not as widespread as Rasna. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The competitive advantages of Rasna are listed below: * Being the Pioneer in the market Rasna is well known and very much trusted in the Indian market. * Being in the market for a long time, Rasna knows the Indian taste the best. * Having 7 state of the art production units across the country, the production is never disturbed for any reason. * Because of the widespread distribution network, it is more close to the public. * The marketing strategies used by the company are of superior standard. * Last but not the least, the pricing of the product, which is so low that it is affordable by the lowest segment of the pyramid also. The competitive advantages of Tang are: * Being one of the largest brands of the world, Tang has the sustainability even if it is hit at the beginning. * Tang is available in variety of flavours based on local consumer’s preference. * Tang is fortified with vitamins and minerals. * It is available as powdered and ready to drink bottles. * The powdered Tang is available at low cost. The Competitive advantages of Sunfill are: * Being a brand owned by Coca Cola, the distribution cost is cheaper, so can offer the product at a low and competitive price. * The taste is superior compared to other competitive brands. * Setting up of a production unit close to the target customer segment will help in better marketing. * The company can spend substantial amount on advertising and promotion. The Competitive advantages of Sugarfree D’lite are: * It is a brand owned by a medical company, so people have trust in the product. * It contains no sugar, so it is healthier. * Has medicinal advantages. * Helps in controlling blood sugar level, at the same time gives the pleasures of a soft drink. The Competitive advantages of Kissan Mr.fruit are: * It is there in the market for a long time, so knows the customer taste and preferences. * Tastier than many of the competitor products. * Supply chain is quite strong as it’s a product owned by Hindustan Unilever. SUGGESTIONS FOR GAINING UPPER MARKET SHARE As we conclude the study on the No. 1 Soft Drink Concentrate in India, Rasna, I have the following suggestions to make so that the company can gain more market share and continue to be the leader of the industry: Product- In terms of product, the following can be done: 1. Try to minimise waste in production, so that the cost of production comes down further. 2. Venture into new products, like ready to drink bottled drinks. 3. Try producing sugar free products so that even a diabetic patient can enjoy the drinks. 4. Health drinks and energy drinks is another field where the company can venture into. 5. Backward integration is another option that can be suggested to minimise the cost of production. Price- the Company can be more price effective and in turn can gain more market share if, 1. More products are offered in the lower price category. 2. Price be reduced for the larger quantity cartons or bottles. 3. New and introductory products are sold for lesser price so that people are interested in trying the new things. Promotion- In terms of promotion, the company can follow the following suggestions: 1. Use newer and cheaper modes of advertisement, like the social networking sites. 2. Spend more on Banners, posters, Hoardings. 3. Stop the use of sportspersons and celebrities, as the same doesn’t have a long standing effect on the general public. 4. Remove the time lag between the promotion and the availability of new products in the market. Place- Place plays a vital role in the success of a company or a brand. The following are my recommendations for improving the market share: 1. Go to the newer potential places which have not been tapped earlier. 2. The untimely dispatch of goods from the depot to the super stockist needs to be taken care of as it may lead to cancellation of order bookings. 3. Unavailability of goods at certain periods needs to be taken care of with a proper distribution control. 4. Promotional events along with the distribution of brochures, stickers and leaflets should be done through sub-stockists and retailers which will help in increasing the brand value. References: During the preparation of this project, help and references has been taken from many web sites and blogs and articles. They are mentioned here: -Rasna Pvt Ltd. Official site. -Wikipedia-the free encyclopaedia -Puneet Tandon Blogs -Economic Times -Times of India Articles -4psbusinessand marketing. com.

Training Methods In A Multinational Corporation Business Essay

Training Methods In A Multinational Corporation Business Essay Since past few decades, it can be known that excellence in human resource plays a vital role for improving productivity, business performance and overall companies growth. To gain best and to maintain its performance of human capital, it is very important to invest in human capital through education and Training. Effective employee training is not only important to raise long term services and economic growth, but it also provides a unique and differentiated position which improves the standard and quality of creation out coming the regular innovation and high productivity and profitability. From an employee perspective, these same factors are crucial and critical for skill development and career advancement (Anderson, 1998). Training is a process of learning through professional development. So understanding that how today international business is can successfully manage their human resources across different countries is a major issue for management practitioners in this fast growing world. This Globalization has placed a platform to many large corporations to increase their business activities internationally. In this topic we are going to discuss the difference between training methods in multinational companies in India and United States of America (U.S.A). We will consider the cross-cultural point of view fundamentals to understand the difference as well as the similarity and the implementation of India and USA which targeted the high expectation of better outcome within their enterprises. This essay will evaluate and give attention to the understanding of the both cultural background as well as their working environment to focus the expectation of each countries. This essay also presents various points of the Training system and explains the how it generally operates within the enterprises; this will help us to know how knowledge transfer is done in a better way to achieve better performance in the workforce. IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING Why Training is important? Training has been a subject of study for management and education literature. For career advancement employee training plays a crucial role in this changing work environment all over the world from past three decades; even training improve performance in their present job, learn new skills and create demand at their workplace. The change in technology, economy, demographic and other forces constantly creates a requirement of learning for the work force (Bhawuk, 2001). Training is important for introducing new concepts to workgroup for bringing in new system which may cover wide range new skills, different working environment, concepts and all the other factors which play an aggressive role for the company. It is must that a complete, effective and consistent training program is developed in order to motivate the staffs for acquiring new skills which is always profitable for the company. A superior training act as a building block of practical and technical skills required for his or her position (J. Monahan). The performance of the team suffers due to lack of skills in the team leaders for any assignment and which has additional impact on the organization in present and even in future. This lack on skills will also affect the work of staff working under team leaders and the staff working in the head offices. So it is important to draw the attention to the need to invest in employees training and development as the organizations performance can be affected by neglecting such a need (Bozionelos Lusher, 2003). Building Multicultural/ Transnational Team The dependence upon the team composed of managers from a range of different culture and countries is now a commonplace practice in multinational firms, and its a future aspect to work in a multitude way (Ravlin, Thomas, Ilsev, 2000). These teams are also known as transnational teams or multinational teams. A multinational team, in contrast to teams from a single culture, entails differences among members in language, interpersonal styles, and a host of other factors. Such differences can create a balance (cohesion and unity) or an imbalance (subgroup dominance, member exclusion, and other undesirable outcomes), depending on how they are handled- Earley and Gibson (2002). To build multinational teams we need to achieve 3 interrelated goals in order to be successful. Create a shared culture. Manage team conflict effectively, and Motivate members to invest time on behalf of the team (Gibson Earley, 2005). Achieving these goals simultaneously is not easy for any team but is particularly difficult for the multinational team. So the multinational companies should train people with cultural differences, learning styles, etc As discussed above. So collectively we can develop a multinational team through experience and even this process can be more strengthen if we keep strong hybrid norms and positive feedback. So building a transnational team is not so easy, it should be even have training for Repatriation, because to retain experienced and successful international managers is much more important to multinational companies. Multinational training practices in India and United States of America In Previous time, parents US based companies controlled the operations of their affiliates or subsidiaries in India by exporting their standardized Human resources management practices into the affiliates to ensure business effectiveness. This is known as an ethnocentric approach (Perlmutter, 1996). Lately the government of India was modernizing the trade liberalisation in the country during the id of 1991.For example an Indian Company i.e. Maruti Udyog, a public sector undertaking which manufactures cars in collaboration with Suzuki of Japan. Maruti Udyog had adopted the Japanese management style of training and building (Sapra, 1995).The uncertainty avoidance according to Hofstede dimensions (Hofstede Homepage), likely that building of trust and being a global player was very much low (Sharma, 1994). As we can see the cultural difference plays an important role in Training people. So from the above analysis we can find out that India is likely to adapt the training methods of US as considering to this essay. After the Boom of IT Industries in India, the Indian training system was the mixture of western style what is called as Hybrid System (Friedman, 2006).The new training system of India is also creating the same environment into relation with the training in USA, this is because the most IT investors are from USA. So the training methodologies are adopted from US companies and implemented in India with slight modification taking cultural aspect into consideration. According to Hofstede, power distance refers to the degree to which a society accepts a hierarchical or unequal distribution of power in organizations. United States of America is ranked as the lowest then compared to India. American Managers have very low degree tolerance of unequal power distance, which is vivid contrast to the managers of India. So the knowledge of Indian managers have relatively greater tolerance of unequal power distribution may be useful in helping us to understand certain training methods, for example lecturing, are more acceptable in Indian managers than their American counterpart. In lecturing, a great power distance tends to exist between the lecture and trainees. According to my personal experience in India is more towards theoretical approach way of learning things, where as America is more towards practical learning. To back up this statement, in my previous company back in India where I worked for a software Industry, as a prominent example, if a new software arrives into a market, Our training session for the new product would be a theoretical based. In India we used to give documents to learn about the new product. Even I had a change to go to USA for a software training program and they have a different approach , they have less theory and more of practical training, as the training was conducted we had hands on experience on the product. The practical way of learning is much easier than the theoretical way. To enhance the productivity they focus more on practical approach of training, this is the major difference I found in multinational companies in India and USA. Design of cross culture Training between India and USA It is very important to focus upon cultural specific training. A study by Hun and Jenkins (2000) will tell the difference in training methods in India and USA. Time Punctuality: In USA the starting time and ending time are very important, but in India it may be considered as exceptional. In India we have got flex timings and which may be acceptable. Linguistic barriers: English has become a business language all around the world, but most translation change with the county context. For example the pronunciation of America significantly differs from Indian way. Secondly certain terms may different meaning in different languages; India has 18 official languages and if it a government organization training it should be translated into official state language . Different meeting practices: When conducting training sections in USA, Hofstede (2001) dimensions like power distance says that USA has a low power distance and employee/ trainee may tend to call the boss/ trainer with their first name while it is impossible in India where it has high power distance. Body language and greeting: The way emotions are expressed in various cultures may differ, for example in India we greet people by joining our hands and say Namaste and where as in USA hand gesture conveys greeting of people (Pandey, 2004). Training programs are more knowledge aquisition programs (Black Mendenhall, 2001). Such training programs can be benifited to both local and parent companies to promote collaboration and knowledge exchange.Even subsidiries with highly skilled will be sometimes unsucessful in transfering his/her knowledge because of lack of training and support. Analysis Looking at both the countries and comparing between the India and USA the difference are: 1. The recruitement process in United States of America are more complex and tough due to their professional point of reference. Which is related to the orentation and introduction in India considered to be much complicated than United States of America (Gupta Govindarajan, 2000).This fact relate with and tell us the amount of time Indian organization spend on training. 2. USA has a more organized and more flexible system and can move across different responsibilities or task, but in India everyone is associated with a specific task and job title and has more job security than USA (Kabst, 2004). 3. India is a multi-religious country of various believes, so in any kind of training there should be not using individualistic visual stances or sexual portrayals of women that can hurt the values of Indian culture, where as in USA we can use those kinds of images (Ahmed, 2000). CONCLUSION: Altering nature of the workplace senses the requirement of additional training program. Globalization, internationalization of economy, employ of multicultural team and increased organizational diversity shows world is turning more cross cultural. In todays world culture plays a chief role in any multinational corporation it cannot be ignored. To face the challenges and meet the requirement in this increased internationalization of business additional training programs are critical. Human resource is a key ingredient in the successful operations of MNCs, without which all other resources could not be efficiently utilized. Training and development program will help us to uses maximum utilization of resources. As many large enterprises are going global, so we need more of cultural training to increase efficiency of any enterprise. It is very important that Human resource manager should be aware of cultural differences in training and development. The comparison between India and United States of America comes to believe that the training methods in Multinational Companies are almost same; the only difference is the cultural background. As we have first discusses generally why training is an important factor of any MNCs. Then we looked how to build Transnational teams with a brief description. We even looked upon the main difference between India and US training differences, which has only slightly change dude to the cultural values of India.

Life Experiences Are What Makes a Persons Personality Essay -- essays

Life Experiences Are What Makes a Persons Personality An individuals experiences, past and present provide a significant basis for the type of person they will become. Relationships that are established during childhood and adolescence are important for the shaping of someone's personality, as most personality development occurs in the early stages of life. Experiences that someone must deal with in the present sense also contributes to their personality. Dominick Birdsey in Wally Lambs novel I Know This Much Is True, suffered his entire life experiencing every emotion humanly possible in his current stretch of forty five years. The sad and stressful episodes of his life began to take their toll sending Dominick began to grow into a depression and question his reason for living. Dominick Birdsey, his twin brother Thomas, his mother Connie, and stepfather Ray, "Ray is not our real father. We don't know who our real father is. I don't even know if Ma knows." (91) live in Connecticut. Dominick and Thomas had to form an alliance to stand up to Ray, as he had a tendency to use his belt rather than words to punish. He was extremely strict, clearly in charge of the house, and showed little or no emotion, not even towards his wife. As a child of about eight years old, Ray has Dominick and his brother believing that part of being a man is not showing emotion, so the two grow up as little boys feeling very lonely, resulting in a lonely adulthood. The way Dominick remembers his childhood is feeling obligated to frequently rescue his brother from Ray's abuse. Ray was always much harder on Thomas as he felt he was a mamma's boy and had to be toughened up. "These days they called Ray's kind of 'toughening up' child abuse." (63) D... ...realize that all they have is each other. Ray regrets not expressing love towards both his wife and his sons and vows to grow old with Dominick and be the best father he knows how to be for the remainder of his life. Dominick Birdsey was clearly the stronger twin. All his life, from a child to a middle aged man, he had to take care of someone, namely his brother Thomas. It is very difficult to be constantly giving and getting nothing in return as such was the case with Dominick. Finally, to be showed love by Ray, (the one man who Dominick thought was incapable of love) Dominick accomplished a sense of rest and settlement. Perhaps the reason why Dominick was so strong was because he had to be, as people were dependent on him. His childhood and his everyday battles made him the person that he thought he would never become. He was finally in control of his life.

Revolutionary War Heroes :: essays papers

Revolutionary War Heroes There were many great men in the past who have contributed greatly to the growth prosperity and independence to this country. These historical figures include such men as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. These men served their country as revolutionary war leaders and helped American to become the free and just country it is today. Benjamin Franklin, born January 17, 1706, was the 10th son, and 15th child, of 17 children in the Josiah Franklin family. Josiah was a soap and candlemaker, who lived in Boston, Massachusetts with his second wife, Abiah Folger. Although Franklin learned to read at an early age, he only attended grammar school for two years. By the time he was 10 years old, Franklin was working for his father. However, he didn’t enjoy the candlemaking profession, and two years later, Franklin was apprenticed to his brother James, a printer. For five years, Franklin sought to master the printers' trade. During this time, he also strove to improve his education. Franklin read numerous classic novels and perfected his writing style. One night, Franklin slipped a letter, signed "Silence Dogood," under the door of his brother's newspaper, the New England Courant. That letter and the next 13 written by Franklin were published anonymously. The essays were widely read and acclaimed for their satire. In 1723, at age 17, Franklin left for Philadelphia. He got employed at a printing job in London, learning many important skills. He came back to Pennsylvania and had by 1730 become owner of a printing business. This is where Franklin published his first official literary work, The Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1731, Franklin founded what is considered the first public library. During the next several years, Franklin was responsible for establishing the first fire department, a police force, and the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania. In 1732, Franklin began compiling and publishing the annual Poor Richard's Almanac. With its homely virtues, it attracted a large amount of people interested in his work and made Franklin's name a household word. Franklin had gotten involved in politics and represented Pennsylvania at the Albany Congress in 1754, called in response to the French and Indian Wars. In 1757, Franklin was sent to England to petition the king for the right to levy taxes. He remained in England for the next five years, and in that time he obtained permission for Pennsylvania to tax the estates of its proprietors, successfully repealed the Stamp Act, and represented the voice of several colonies. He befriended powerful British political leaders and wrote political satires and pamphlets on public affairs, helping keep the colonies informed on foreign affairs.

Contributing Factors Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay

Reappraisal of literature is an indispensable activity of scientific research undertaking. It helps to familiarize with the practical issue related to the job and enable the research worker to beef up the survey which helps to uncover the prevalent state of affairs of the similar survey. The reviewed literature for this survey is presented in the undermentioned subdivisions. 2.1 Prevalence and lending factors of nocturnal urinary incontinence 2.2 Management of nocturnal urinary incontinence 2.1 Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Nocturnal Enuresis: A cross sectional survey was conducted on prevalence and hazard factors of single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence in school kids of Ankara. Among 15150 kids, 9 % kids had mono diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. Frequency was found to be higher in male childs than misss. Analysis revealed gender, method of lavatory preparation, sleep jobs, school success, and general attack of the household to kids and general behavioral attitudes of the kids as important factors and age, male gender, lavatory preparation with endangering method, deep slumber, sleep walking, being introverted and diffident significantly increase the hazard of nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Secil Ozkan, et al. , 2010 ) . An epidemiological cross sectional survey was conducted to find the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence in kids 5-14 old ages in Sudan, 218 kids were involved in the survey and out of that 33.5 % kids were found to hold nocturnal urinary incontinence. Frequency was high among misss than male childs and the prevalence of bedwetting lessening as the age of the kid increased from 13.3 % at 5-7 old ages of age to 2-3 % at 12-14 old ages ( Magdi, A. H. , 2010 ) . A prevalence survey was conducted in Eastern Croatia to set up the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence in 6-7 twelvemonth old kid. Factors associated with nocturnal urinary incontinence and parental perceptual experiences were besides evaluated. Parents of 3011 kids were included in the survey. The prevalence rate is 1.2 % and it is significantly more in male childs than misss. 68.6 % of kids had the household history of nocturnal urinary incontinence and merely 17.1 % of parents expressed some concern about job on kid ‘s future development ( Miskulin, M. et al. , 2010 ) . A cross sectional survey conducted in sou'-east of Turkey to analyze the epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal urinary incontinence among get oning and daytime school kids revealed that the overall prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence was 14.9 % . The prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence declined with age. Of the 6 twelvemonth old kids 33.3 % had the job, while the ratio was 2.6 % for 15 years-olds. There was no important difference in prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence between male childs and misss. Enuresis was reported as 18.5 % among kids go toing twenty-four hours clip school and among those 11.5 % go toing boarding school.Prevalence of urinary incontinence was increased in kids populating in small towns, with low income and with positive household history. After multivariate analysis, history of urinary piece of land infection, age, low monthly income and household history of urinary incontinence were factors associated with urinary incont inence. 46.4 % of parents and 57.1 % of enuretic kids were significantly concerned about the impact of urinary incontinence ( Ali Gunes, Gulsen Gunes, Yasemin Acik and Adem Akilli, 2009 ) . A descriptive questionnaire based survey was done in Africa to measure the quality of life and sleep quality and the association between the parametric quantities in kids with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. 71 kids in the age group of 6-15 old ages were included in the survey and it was found that every bit age of the kid and the continuance of the job additions, self esteem, physical well-being and friend spheres worsens ( Ertan, P et Al, 2009 ) . A two-stage mental wellness study was conducted among 5000 urban kids to analyze the association between urinary incontinence and abnormal psychology in urban Ethiopian kids. It was found that male sex, younger age and lower achieved were holding this job. Nocturnal urinary incontinence was significantly higher for kids in households with important fiscal concerns and in kids from places where parents were separated. Children with DSM III-R anxiousness upsets, particularly simple phobic disorder, or riotous behavior upsets were found to hold significantly higher rate of urinary incontinence ( Menelik Desta, 2007 ) . A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 at Iran to gauge the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence and determine associated factors revealed the prevalence of 6.8 % among 7562 kids. A important relationship was found between the prevalence of urinary incontinence and age, educational position of parents, figure of household urinary incontinence, rearing methods, and deep slumber. Prevalence of urinary piece of land pathology was 2.9 % in enuretic kids ( Mohammed.R. Safarinejad, 2007 ) . A descriptive survey was conducted in India to set up the prevalence of urinary incontinence in school kids and to find lending factor. Parents of 1473 kids aged between 6-10 old ages were surveyed. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 7.61 % . Enuresis was more common in male childs. A positive household history of urinary incontinence was seen in 28.57 % kids ; 14.29 % of the kids had daytime wetting every bit good. Merely 24.11 % of the parents had taken their kid to a physician for the job. Family stressors, important birth history and lower socioeconomic position were present to a larger extent in the enuretic group. Scholastic retardation was besides an of import factor in this group ( Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen, 2007 ) .A indiscriminately selected cross-sectional survey was conducted from simple schools in Changhua County, Taiwan, to look into the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence among kids and to measure its associated factors and badness. The overall prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence was 6.8 % . The ratio of male to female was about 1.5. The prevalence of urinary incontinence harmonizing to age group declined from 12.5 % at 6 old ages to 2.0 % at 12 old ages. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in the urban country did non demo important difference from that of rural country.Of the factors associated with urinary incontinence, gender, age, urinary frequence or urgency, heredity, imbibing wont before slumber and trouble in waking showed important difference after multiple logistic arrested development analysis ( Hui-Lung Tai, et al. , 2006 ) .. A instance control survey consisted of 55 kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence from a continency Centre and 117 matched controls from a general paediatric pattern revealed that suckling protects against the development of bedwetting. Bed-wetting was strongly associated with household history. Approximately 45 % of kids wet the bed if one parent was enuretic and 75 % wet the bed if both parents were enuretic. Twenty-one parents ( 38 % ) in the survey group and 6 parents ( 5 % ) in the control group were enuretic as kids ( Barone, et al. , 2006 ) . An epidemiological survey was conducted to look into the prevalence and features of nocturnal urinary incontinence ( NE ) and to analyze the prevalence of hyperactive vesica ( OAB ) symptoms in preteen schoolchildren. It was conducted in 6917 school kids belonging to 11 primary schools that were indiscriminately enrolled in the study. They assessed the relationships between nocturnal urinary incontinence and invalidating wonts, and episodes of cystitis and irregularity. They found the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence to be 5.9 % and reciprocally related to increasing age. Nocturnal urinary incontinence and hyperactive vesica were detected in 5.9 % and 17.8 % of preadolescent and schoolchildren severally ( Kajiwara, et al.,2006 ) . A community study of urinary incontinence was carried out in 2002 among 300 seemingly healthy kids aged 5-16 old ages in Edo State, Nigeria with the purpose of determining the true prevalence of the disease and the parts of some organic causative factors. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 21.3 % . Of the 64 kids who were enuretic, 58 ( 91 % ) had lone nocturnal enuresis.. Combined daylight and dark clip urinary incontinence accounted for merely six ( 9.4 % ) instances. Ninety-four per centum of instances of urinary incontinence were primary, while merely six were secondary. Prevalence of urinary incontinence declined significantly with increasing age.There was a strong association between urinary incontinence and household history of bed wetting. Enuresis was more common in males, in kids drawn from households of hapless socio-economic position, among first order births, and among those with symptomless bacteriuria ( Iduoriyekemwen, N.J.,2006 ) .A A A A cohort survey was conducted to find the prevalence of nocturnal urinary incontinence among 13971 kids at 7.5 old ages old, revealed that 1260 kids ( 15.5 % ) at 7.5 old ages wet the bed, but most wet one time or less a hebdomad. A higher prevalence was reported in male childs than misss. 266 kids had both daytime wetting and bedwetting, with 189 ( 2.3 % ) holding both daytime soilure and bedwetting. Daytime urgency increased with badness of bedwetting and occurred in 28.9 % of kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Richard.J. Butler, Jean Golding, Kate Northstone, 2005 ) .Bottom of Form A cross sectional population based survey was conducted in Turkey to set up the prevalence of urinary incontinence among school kids and find the hazard factors associated with this upset. Among 1576 schoolchildren aged between 6-16 old ages, the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 12.4 % and a important relationship was found between the prevalence of urinary incontinence and age, educational degree of male parent, the household ‘s monthly income, and figure of household members. Mono diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence was found to be more common in male child. Both maternal and paternal low educational position were found to be associated with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. It was found to be more common in the kids of unemployed female parents. Nocturnal urinary incontinence was found to be more associated with big households ( Gur, E. et al. , 2004 ) . Community study of a graded sample of 400 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages in United Arab Emirates to find the prevalence, socio demographic correlatives and associated abnormal psychology in kids with urinary incontinence was found out that nocturnal urinary incontinence was associated with psychosocial emphasis in the household and positive household history ( Eapen, V. , 2003 ) . A randomised controlled test was done to analyze self image of kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence. 50 sample in the age group of 8-12 old ages were included. It was found out that kids with nocturnal urinary incontinence had low ego regard than others ( Theunis, et al.,2002 ) . 2.2 Management of Nocturnal Enuresis: A randomized prospective survey was performed to measure the efficaciousness of different manners of combined therapy in kids with single-channel diagnostic nocturnal urinary incontinence. One group was treated with primary Desmopressin and another group was treated with primary dismay intervention that was combined with Desmopressin after 3 months. 22/30 ( 73 % ) kids were dry after combined intervention, dwelling of 12/18 male childs and 10/12 misss. Combined therapy proved effectual in kids with mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence after 6 months ( Vogt, M. , 2010 ) . A cross sectional survey was conducted to look into the efficaciousness of dismay intervention in a sample of 84 Brazilian kids and striplings with nocturnal urinary incontinence. During 32 hebdomads, they were received alarm intervention together with hebdomadal psychological support Sessionss for single households or groups of 5 to 10 households. 71 % of the participants achieved success, defined as 14 back-to-back dry darks. The consequence was similar for kids and striplings and for single or group support ( Pereira, R.F. , 2010 ) . A descriptive survey was designed to measure the success rates of the enuretic dismay device in patients ( 6-16 old ages ) with mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence in Ankara, Turkey. 40 patients who had important mono-symptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence ( three or more wet darks per hebdomad ) were included. They used an enuretic dismay for 12 hebdomads ab initio. 27 patients became dry at dark at the terminal of three months ( Ozgur, B.C. , 2009 ) . A randomized control test conducted in Netherland to measure the short- and long-run effects of simple behavioral intercessions for nocturnal urinary incontinence in immature kids note that nocturnal urinary incontinence occurs in up to 10 % of 10-year-old kids and that male childs have higher rates of urinary incontinence at older ages than do misss. This survey compared the comparative effectivity of 3 interventions with a control group. Parents completed journals detailing dark urinary incontinence episodes for up to 6 months after registration. The survey enrolled 570 participants, with 140 to 147 kids in each of the 4 groups. Sixty per centum of the participants were male. Success rates at least 14 darks dry in a row at 6 months after registration were 21 % in the control group, 27 % in the lifting with watchword group, 37 % in the lifting without watchword group, and 32 % in the star chart/reward group ( Van Dommelen, P. , 2009 ) . A prospective survey was done to measure the long-run success of the enuretic dismay device in patients with single-channel diagnostic primary nocturnal urinary incontinence in Turkey. Sixty-two patients who had important single-channel diagnostic primary nocturnal urinary incontinence were included. They used an enuretic dismay for 3 months. At the terminal of the intervention, 15 of the patients did non hold benefit from the enuretic dismay. 47 patients benefited from the enuretic dismay. Thirty-one of the 62 patients underwent combination intervention ( enuretic dismay plus medical therapy ) for unsuccessful enuretic dismay intervention. The overall full response rate for combination intervention was 16.1 % . ( Tuncel A, et al. , 2008 ) . A randomised controlled test was done to compare alarm intercessions with no active intervention, behavioral intercessions, drugs or other intervention for intervention of non-organic nocturnal urinary incontinence in kids less than 16 old ages found that dismaies reduced nocturnal urinary incontinence and intervention failure ( Glazener, C. M. , 2008 ) . A retrospective analysis was performed on informations from 423 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages to measure the combination of urinary incontinence dismay and desmopressin in handling kids with urinary incontinence found out that 74 % of kids treated merely with dismay became dry and 26 % of kids being cured by combination of desmopressin and dismay ( Kamperis, K. , 2008 ) . A randomised controlled test was done in Turkey to measure the effectivity of short term desmopressin to enuritic dismay. 58 kids were included in the survey. The consequences showed that add-on of short term desmopressin to dismay therapy was more effectual merely in the intervention clip, but it did non alter the response to dismay therapy in long term ( Aktas, B. K. , 2008 ) . A survey was conducted to find the consequence and prognostic factors of backsliding 1 twelvemonth after combination therapy of an urinary incontinence dismay, vesica preparation, motivational therapy and keeping control preparation for nocturnal urinary incontinence in 77 kids at Gasthuisberg. Gender, age, sleep rousing, family-history, vesica capacity, hyperactive vesica, night-time polyuria, continuance of intervention, over acquisition and psychosocial factors were investigated. The backsliding rate during the whole twelvemonth was 50 % , with 33.8 % of topics being dry and 16.2 % sometimes wet. The backsliding rate after 1 twelvemonth was 16 % . The backsliding rate during the twelvemonth was high while the backsliding rate after 1 twelvemonth was low. Psychosocial jobs and hyperactive vesica were the lone 2 prognostic factors for backsliding ( Van Kampen M, et al. , 2004 ) . A retrospective survey was conducted to happen out the effectivity of behavioral therapy for primary nocturnal enuresis.250 kids in the age group of 5-17 old ages were selected for the survey it was found out that behavioural therapy is effectual than desmopressin ( Marcopennes, et al. , 2004 ) . In a case-based survey, on a 6 twelvemonth 6 month old kid with ailments of bedwetting twice a hebdomad, a complete physical scrutiny and history aggregation was performed. Child was treated with motivational therapy and was recommended parents of the kid to be supportive of the patient ‘s dry darks avoid unfavorable judgment of wet darks, avoid inordinate fluid intake 2 hours before bedtime and emptying his vesica at bedtime. After 1 month it was found that bedwetting job had improved significantly ( Paredes, 2002 ) . A controlled test was undertaken to measure the practicableness and efficaciousness of handling enuretic kids in residential Children ‘s Homes by agencies of the urinary incontinence dismay. A control group design was employed with 19 and 20 topics in the intervention and control groups severally. Eighteen of the 19 intervention group kids achieved initial apprehension of urinary incontinence in a mean of 11.9 hebdomads of intervention ( range 5-28 hebdomads ) . After a follow-up period of at least 20 months, 17 of the 19 kids were known to be dry. It was concluded that dismay intervention was effectual and operable in Children ‘s Homes as in household state of affairss ( Jehu, D. , 2002 ) . A randomised controlled test was conducted at Canada to find the ego construct and behavior alteration after 6 months of intervention with conditioning dismay. 182 kids of age more than 7 old ages were included and it was found that there is betterment in the kids ‘s ego construct after dismay intervention ( Longstaff, S. , 2000 ) . A randomized prospective survey was done in France to compare the effectivity of desmopressin and dismay intervention. 135 kids were included in the survey from the age group of 6-16 old ages. The survey consequences showed that desmopressin was effectual merely for short term and urinary incontinence dismay was effectual for long term ( Faraj, G. et al. , 1999 ) A survey conducted to happen out the effectivity of star charts among127 kids who were referred to an urinary incontinence clinic. The mean age was 8.8 old ages old, and most of the kids were considered to hold terrible urinary incontinence, holding been already unsuccessfully treated. Of the 127 kids, 22 became dry when star charts were used to honor their behavior. Eighty-one of the staying 96 kids had an initial success of 42 back-to-back dry darks. Failure to accomplish waterlessness for six months was strongly associated with psychiatric upsets in the topics, household emphasis, and the absence of concern by kid and parents ( Hanafin, 1998 ) . An experimental survey was conducted in United Kingdom to measure the efficaciousness of dismay glandular fever therapy with combination of dismay and desmopressin. 35 kids in the age group of 6-12 old ages were included in the survey. Study showed that kids having combination therapy had more dry darks per hebdomad ( Bradburry, M. , 1997 ) . A retrospective survey among 541 kids at kids ‘s Hospital of Florence University revealed that motivational therapy is effectual. All the patients have been ab initio helped merely with motivational guidance and 76 among them obtained lasting remedy. The staying 250 kids were treated with the conditioning dismay system, ever associated to periodic conversation, urine halt exercisings and other psychological support like nominal economic system. The consequences obtained of this sort of intervention after a followup of 6 months, were lasting recovery in 211 kids ( 84 % ) Sing the sex, no important difference was noted. These positive consequences with the conditioning devices favor the position that the etiology of primary urinary incontinence is chiefly biologic. The bell dismay represents the most effectual intervention for nocturnal urinary incontinence ( Bartolozzi, G. , 1991 ) . A survey conducted to place household factors, and with emotional emphasis factors related to nocturnal urinary incontinence, 127 kids who were referred to an urinary incontinence clinic in Sydney were studied. The mean age was 8.8 old ages old, and most of the kids were considered to hold terrible urinary incontinence, holding been already unsuccessfully treated. One-third of the topics ‘ male parents and 70 per centum of female parents were unemployed, and 41 per centum of parents acknowledged environmental emphasis such as fiscal or matrimonial strife, or serious unwellness or decease in the household. Of the 127 kids, 22 became dry when star charts were used to honor their behavior. Eighty-one of the staying kids had an initial success of 42 back-to-back dry darks. The survey suggests that the high success rate in these kids is related to shut supervising by clinic forces, encouragement of the household, and by giving the kid about complete duty for following the plan. Care ful designation of associated factors like medical unwellness, household emphasis, and other jobs such as lodging must be addressed as portion of an effectual urinary incontinence plan ( Devlin, J.B. , 1990 ) .BibiliographyBooksAchar ‘s ( 2009 ) . Textbook Of Pediatrics. 4th Edition, Hydrabad: Universities Press Publication Adele Pillitteri, ( 2007 ) . Child Health Nursing. 5th Edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Publication Anupam Sachdeva, ( 2007 ) . Progresss In Pediatrics. 1st Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Company Basavanthappa, B. T. ( 1998 ) . Nursing Research. 1st Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Company Cecily Lynn Betz, ( 1999 ) . Nursing Care Of Children And Family. 2 Nd Edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders David. , M.Hall ( 2003 ) . Health For All Children. 4th Edition, Newyork: Oxford University Press Publication Denise. , F.Polit ( 1999 ) . Nursing Research. 6th Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincot Publication Dorothy, R. Marlow ( 1988 ) . 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